Functional Incontinence: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Functional incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that is often overlooked but crucial to address for overall well-being. Approximately 24% to 45% of women reported urinary incontinence. Unlike other types of incontinence that stem from issues with the urinary tract or bladder, functional incontinence arises when physical or cognitive impairments prevent an individual from reaching the bathroom or restroom in time. Addressing what is functional urinary incontinence is vital for maintaining overall health and well-being. This can significantly impact the daily lives of individuals, affecting personal dignity and leading to potential complications. Understanding what is functional urinary incontinence, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for effective management and improved quality of life.

What is Functional Incontinence?

Functional incontinence occurs when an individual is unable to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or cognitive limitations despite having a normally functioning urinary system. This is different from urge incontinence, which is characterized by a sudden and intense urge to urinate, or stress incontinence, which involves leakage of urine due to pressure on the bladder from activities like coughing or exercise. Functional incontinence is more about the barriers to accessing a toilet in time rather than issues with the bladder’s ability to hold or expel urine.

Addressing functional incontinence is vital for maintaining overall health and well-being. It can prevent embarrassment, reduce the risk of skin infections, and improve independence and quality of life. In women older than 60, approximately 9% to 39% reported urinary incontinence on a daily basis, highlighting the importance of targeted interventions. For example, physical therapy for incontinence can be an effective treatment option.

Causes of Functional Incontinence

Functional urinary incontinence can be attributed to a variety of physical or cognitive impairments that hinder a person’s ability to reach the bathroom in a timely manner. Common causes include mobility issues, severe joint pain from arthritis, neurological disorders, or cognitive decline associated with conditions like dementia, all of which affect a person’s ability to respond to the body’s nerve signals. Neurological conditions can disrupt the communication between the nervous system and the bladder, contributing to functional incontinence.

Weak Pelvic Floor Muscles

The pelvic floor muscles support the bladder and help control urination. When these muscles are weakened, it can lead to functional incontinence, as individuals may struggle to hold urine long enough to reach the bathroom. This weakness can be due to various factors, including aging, childbirth, or prolonged periods of inactivity. Bladder neck issues and muscle relaxant use may also contribute to this condition.

Conditions that Cause Mobility Issues

Certain medical conditions can impair an individual’s ability to move quickly or easily, leading to functional incontinence:

• Arthritis: Joint inflammation and pain often hinder individuals from moving quickly or maneuvering around obstacles. This can result in significant delays when attempting to reach the bathroom in time. Prostatic hyperplasia and bladder stones can also impact mobility and bladder control.

Medicine Side Effects

Some medications can affect bladder control or increase the frequency of urination. For example, diuretics, often prescribed for hypertension or heart conditions, can lead to more frequent trips to the bathroom, which might be challenging for those with mobility issues. Medication side effects such as muscle relaxant use or antidepressants can further complicate bladder management.

UTI

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can irritate the bladder, causing increased urgency and frequency of urination. For individuals with mobility limitations, this can result in difficulties reaching the bathroom in time. Viral infections and bacterial infections can exacerbate these symptoms, leading to loss of bladder control.

Constipation

Constipation can put pressure on the bladder, leading to urgency and difficulty controlling urine flow. This can be particularly problematic for individuals who have trouble moving or managing their bowel movements. Fecal incontinence may also occur in conjunction with these issues, further complicating bladder management.

Cognitive Disorders

Cognitive impairments can diminish an individual’s ability to recognize or react to the sensation of needing to urinate. This can lead to delays in reaching the bathroom, contributing to functional incontinence. In the general population, women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) who perform pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) are eight times more likely to be cured than control groups with no or sham treatments. Vitality Tulsa offers specialized programs that include cognitive and physical assessments to help manage these challenges effectively.

• Dementia: Dementia is a progressive condition that affects memory and cognitive abilities. As a result, individuals may struggle to recall or identify their need to use the bathroom. Neurological conditions and cognitive impairments often overlap with dementia, contributing to functional incontinence.
• Delirium: Delirium is a brief period of confusion that can impair awareness and decision-making skills. This can result in accidents or delayed reactions when the urge to urinate arises. This condition may be exacerbated by physical symptoms or neurological disease.
• Intellectual Disabilities: These conditions can hinder a person’s capacity to recognize bodily cues associated with the urge to urinate. As a result, they may struggle to respond appropriately to these signals. Neurological conditions and developmental disabilities may further complicate bladder control.

Neurological Disorders

Neurological disorders can disrupt the communication between the nervous system and the bladder, resulting in functional incontinence. This impact can hinder the body’s natural response to the urge to urinate, making it difficult for individuals to control their bladder functions. Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke are examples of such disorders that can contribute to bladder dysfunction.

• Multiple Sclerosis: This autoimmune disorder can impact the nerve function related to bladder control, leading to challenges in regulating urination. As a result, individuals may experience difficulties in managing their urinary needs effectively. Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis and stroke can also affect the flow of urine.
• Parkinson’s Disease: This neurodegenerative condition can affect motor control and coordination. As a result, individuals may need help to reach the bathroom in a timely manner. Neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and stroke can impair both motor function and cognitive skills.
• Stroke: A stroke can impair both motor function and cognitive skills, which may contribute to functional incontinence. This condition arises when individuals struggle to reach the bathroom in time due to these debilitating effects. Neurological disease and nerve damage from a stroke can exacerbate these issues.

Physical and Environmental Barriers

Physical barriers, such as inaccessible bathrooms or obstacles in the home, can also contribute to functional incontinence. Ensuring that living spaces are designed to accommodate individuals with mobility issues is crucial for managing this condition. Environmental factors such as hot weather or ambient temperatures may also impact bladder control.

Signs and Symptoms of Functional Incontinence

It is essential to identify the signs and symptoms of functional incontinence, such as frequent urine leakage, for proper management. Recognition allows for timely medical attention and support to improve the individual’s quality of life. Loss of bladder control and constant dribbling are also key indicators.

Frequent Urine Leakage

Frequent urine leakage may indicate functional incontinence, mainly when linked to mobility challenges. This condition often leads to difficulties in reaching the bathroom on time, resulting in unintended accidents. Incontinence pads and absorbent products can aid in managing these leaks.

Difficulty Holding Urine Long Enough to Reach the Bathroom

Due to physical or cognitive impairments, a person may struggle to retain urine long enough to reach the restroom. This difficulty can significantly impact their ability to manage urinary needs effectively. Physical activity and regular exercise can help improve mobility and bladder control.

Noticeable Smell of Urine on Clothing or in Your Home

A continual odor of urine may signify instances of incontinence, often caused by challenges in getting to the bathroom in time. This smell can serve as a crucial indicator of underlying mobility or cognitive issues affecting bladder control. Bladder stones and pelvic organ prolapse can contribute to these symptoms.

Unintentional Complete Emptying of the Bladder

If an individual struggles to reach the bathroom due to physical or cognitive limitations, they may experience unintentional and complete bladder emptying. This can be a distressing symptom of functional incontinence that requires attention and intervention. Artificial sphincter implantation might be considered in severe cases.

How is Functional Incontinence Diagnosed?

Functional incontinence is diagnosed through a comprehensive assessment that includes a patient’s medical history, physical examination, and evaluation of any cognitive or mobility impairments. Additionally, healthcare professionals may utilize bladder diaries or questionnaires to understand better the frequency and circumstances surrounding urine leaks and incontinence severity.

Physical Examination

A physical examination can reveal underlying conditions that may lead to functional incontinence, including muscle weakness or mobility challenges. Identifying these issues is crucial for tailoring an effective management plan.

Tests

Various tests can assist in the diagnosis of functional incontinence. These assessments help to determine the underlying causes and guide appropriate treatment options.

• Urinalysis: This examination looks for indications of infection or other irregularities within the urine. It helps to identify any underlying issues that may contribute to urinary problems.
• Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Tests: These tests evaluate how strong and functional the pelvic floor muscles are. They provide important insights into any potential issues related to bladder control.
• Urodynamic Testing: This assessment measures the function of the bladder and urethra by analyzing bladder pressure and urine flow. It provides critical insights into how effectively these systems operate.

Treatment Options for Functional Incontinence

Effective management of functional incontinence necessitates a comprehensive approach that addresses both underlying causes and observable symptoms. Strong evidence (Level 1 recommendation A) supports the use of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training (PFMT) as the first-line intervention for urinary incontinence in women. This approach targets the bladder muscles to improve control over involuntary urine loss. Research indicated that PFMT significantly decreased urinary incontinence episodes in women with Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) (mean difference of 1.2 episodes per day, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.8), as well as in those with all types of urinary incontinence (mean difference of 1.0 episode per day, 95% confidence interval 0.6 to 1.4). By effectively addressing these elements, patients can enhance their bladder control and overall quality of life.

Bladder Training

Bladder training focuses on establishing a routine for bathroom visits while progressively extending the intervals between them. This method aims to enhance bladder control over time.

Incontinence Pads

Incontinence pads offer adequate absorbency and protection, aiding in the management of unexpected leaks. They also help ensure hygiene is maintained throughout daily activities.

Pelvic Muscle Exercises

Kegel exercises, also known as pelvic muscle exercises, are designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. These exercises can significantly enhance bladder control and promote overall urinary health.

Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy

Pelvic floor physical therapy targets muscle weakness to help alleviate symptoms of functional incontinence. By strengthening these muscles, patients can achieve better bladder control and enhance overall urinary health.

Can Functional Incontinence Be Prevented?

While it may not be possible to prevent all instances of functional incontinence, implementing specific strategies can significantly lower the risk. Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial, as excess weight can place extra strain on the bladder and pelvic organs, intensifying incontinence issues. Regular physical exercise helps preserve muscle strength and mobility, which are vital for managing bladder control. Additionally, steering clear of irritants like caffeine and alcohol can minimize bladder irritation and further reduce the likelihood of experiencing incontinence episodes.

Management Tips if You Have Functional Incontinence

Consider setting up a consistent bathroom schedule to minimize accidents and improve bladder control. Wearing comfortable, easy-to-remove clothing can also facilitate quicker restroom access when needed. Creating an easy path to the bathroom by removing obstacles or adding grab bars can further support effective management.

Creating an Easy Path to the Bathroom

Make sure the pathway to the bathroom is free of obstacles for easier access. Consider decluttering the area or adding grab bars for additional support.

Scheduling Bathroom Visits

Creating a consistent bathroom routine can aid in minimizing accidents and alleviating the urgency often linked to functional incontinence. Regularly scheduled visits to the restroom enhance overall bladder management.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Keeping a healthy weight can alleviate pressure on the bladder and enhance bladder control. This approach contributes to better overall urinary function and may help mitigate issues related to incontinence.

Avoid Foods or Drinks that Can Irritate the Bladder

Certain foods and beverages may aggravate the bladder, worsening the symptoms of functional incontinence. Reducing the intake of these irritants can lead to better management of the condition.

Conclusion

Functional incontinence, while often overlooked, is a significant issue that can impact an individual’s quality of life. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for effective management. By addressing both physical and cognitive barriers and implementing appropriate treatment strategies, individuals can improve their ability to manage functional incontinence and enhance their overall well-being.

FAQs

Is Functional Incontinence Caused by a Physical Problem?

Functional incontinence is often caused by physical or cognitive impairments that prevent an individual from reaching the bathroom in time rather than issues with the bladder or urinary system itself.

What is the Strategy for Functional Incontinence?

The strategy for managing functional incontinence includes addressing underlying physical or cognitive limitations, implementing bladder training, using incontinence products, and engaging in pelvic floor exercises and therapy.

What is a Good Intervention for Incontinence?

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is considered a first-line treatment for urinary incontinence, including functional incontinence. Studies show that women who perform PFMT are significantly more likely to experience improvements in their condition.